Consensus paper: Combining transcranial stimulation with neuroimaging

Siebner, Hartwig R.; Bergmann, Til O.; Bestmann, Sven; Massimini, Marcello; Johansen-Berg, Heidi; Mochizuki, Hitoshi; Bohning, Daryl E.; Boorman, Erie D.; Groppa, Sergiu; Miniussi, Carlo; Pascual-Leone, Alvaro; Huber, Reto; Taylor, Paul C.J.; Ilmoniemi, Risto J.; De Gennaro, Luigi; Strafella, Antonio P.; Kähkönen, Seppo; Klöppel, Stefan; Frisoni, Giovanni B.; George, Mark S.; Hallett, Mark; Brandt, Stephan A.; Rushworth, Matthew F.; Ziemann, Ulf; Rothwell, John C.; Ward, Nick; Cohen, Leonardo G.; Baudewig, Jürgen; Paus, Tomáš; Ugawa, Yoshikazu; Rossini, Paolo M.

doi:10.1016/j.brs.2008.11.002

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Volume 2, Issue 2 , Pages 58-80, April 2009

Consensus paper: Combining transcranial stimulation with neuroimaging

Hartwig R. Siebner, MD
- Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
- Correspondence: Dr. Hartwig R. Siebner, Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Kettegaards Alle 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark.
Til O. Bergmann, MD
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
Sven Bestmann, MD
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- Wellcome Trust Center for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College, London, UK
Marcello Massimini, MD
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
Heidi Johansen-Berg, MD
- Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Hitoshi Mochizuki, MD
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
Daryl E. Bohning, MD
- Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
Erie D. Boorman, MD
- Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Sergiu Groppa, MD
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
Carlo Miniussi, MD
- IRCCS S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
Alvaro Pascual-Leone, MD
- Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Reto Huber, MD
- University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
Paul C.J. Taylor, MD
- The Henry Wellcome Building, School of Psychology, Birkbeck College, Torrington Square, London, UK
Risto J. Ilmoniemi, MD
- BioMag Laboratory, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science, Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland
Luigi De Gennaro, MD
- IRCCS S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome ‘‘La Sapienza,’’ Rome, Italy
Antonio P. Strafella, MD
- Movement Disorders Center, Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Seppo Kähkönen, MD
- BioMag Laboratory, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Pain Clinic, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
Stefan Klöppel, MD
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Freiburg Brain Imaging, University Clinic Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Giovanni B. Frisoni, MD
- The National Centre for Alzheimer's and Mental Diseases, Brescia, Italy
Mark S. George, MD
- Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Brain Stimulation Laboratory, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
Mark Hallett, MD
- Human Motor Control Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Stephan A. Brandt, MD
- Department of Neurology, Berlin NeuroImaging Center, Charité, Berlin, Germany
Matthew F. Rushworth, MD
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Ulf Ziemann, MD
- Department of Neurology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
John C. Rothwell, MD
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
Nick Ward, MD
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- Wellcome Trust Center for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College, London, UK
Leonardo G. Cohen, MD
- Human Cortical Physiology and Stroke Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland
Jürgen Baudewig, MD
- MR-Research in Neurology and Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Georg-August University, Goettingen, Germany
Tomáš Paus, MD
- Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Yoshikazu Ugawa, MD
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
Paolo M. Rossini, MD
- Casa di Cura S. Raffaele Cassino and IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy
- AFaR, Department of Neuroscience, Hosp. Fatebenefratelli, Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy
- Neurology Clinic, University Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy

Received 21 October 2008; accepted 30 November 2008. published online 02 March 2009.

In the last decade, combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-neuroimaging studies have greatly stimulated research in the field of TMS and neuroimaging. Here, we review how TMS can be combined with various neuroimaging techniques to investigate human brain function. When applied during neuroimaging (online approach), TMS can be used to test how focal cortex stimulation acutely modifies the activity and connectivity in the stimulated neuronal circuits. TMS and neuroimaging can also be separated in time (offline approach). A conditioning session of repetitive TMS (rTMS) may be used to induce rapid reorganization in functional brain networks. The temporospatial patterns of TMS-induced reorganization can be subsequently mapped by using neuroimaging methods. Alternatively, neuroimaging may be performed first to localize brain areas that are involved in a given task. The temporospatial information obtained by neuroimaging can be used to define the optimal site and time point of stimulation in a subsequent experiment in which TMS is used to probe the functional contribution of the stimulated area to a specific task. In this review, we first address some general methodologic issues that need to be taken into account when using TMS in the context of neuroimaging. We then discuss the use of specific brain mapping techniques in conjunction with TMS. We emphasize that the various neuroimaging techniques offer complementary information and have different methodologic strengths and weaknesses.

Keywords: transcranial magnetic stimulation, TMS, neuroimaging, multimodal brain mapping, EEG, fMRI, MRI, PET, NIRS, MEG

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PII: S1935-861X(08)00361-6

doi:10.1016/j.brs.2008.11.002

Refers to erratum:

Erratum , 25 June 2009
BRAIN STIMULATION: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation July 2009 (Vol. 2, Issue 3, Page 182)
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