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Transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) can take the form of direct current stimulation
(TDCS), alternating current stimulation (TACS), or random noise stimulation (TRNS).
Several recent reviews document the safety and efficacy of TES in healthy and in clinical
populations [1,2,3]. The location of TDCS, TACS, and TRNS paradigms are largely informed
by neuroimaging and the brain lesion literature. Electroencephalography (EEG) and
magnetoencephalography (MEG) provide additional information that informs the frequency
of TACS, while the principle of reciprocity [5] with EEG can inform the amplitude
and location of TES. Advanced TES techniques, vary the amplitude of stimulation at
various sites on the scalp in attempts to make TES more focal [4]. The ability to
vary frequency, amplitude, and location of TES allows customized stimulation for different
tasks. However, variation in brain activity includes not only frequency, amplitude,
and location but also latency and duration. Combinations of these variable are unexplored
in TES.
Fig. 1Stimulator performance in comparison to values from Ohm’s Law. The red, green, and
blue lines show different current specifications. The dotted lines are values calculated
from Ohm’s law and the solid lines are the measured voltages. Top Panel; RGN NeuroMod16
delivering TDCS. Bottom Panel; RGN NeuroMod16 delivering TACS. The stimulator reproduces
the values expected from Ohm’s Law while delivering both AC and DC stimulation.
